- Geotechnical engineering
- The study of how soil and rock behave under load, used to design safe foundations, slopes and earthworks.
- Geophysics
- Imaging the subsurface from the surface using electrical, seismic, radar or magnetic methods — seeing what boreholes alone cannot.
- Borehole & core drilling
- Drilling into the ground to recover intact columns of soil and rock ("core") for logging and testing.
- SPT — Standard Penetration Test
- A hammer-driven in-hole test; the blow count ("N-value") indicates how dense or stiff the ground is.
- CPT / CPTu — Cone Penetration Test
- A cone pushed steadily into soft ground, recording resistance and pore pressure to profile the soil continuously.
- ERT — Electrical Resistivity Tomography
- A geophysical method that maps layers, weak zones and groundwater by how easily electricity flows through the ground.
- SRT — Seismic Refraction Tomography
- Uses the speed of sound waves through the ground to find depth to bedrock and rock quality.
- MASW
- Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves — measures shear-wave velocity to assess ground stiffness and seismic response.
- Bearing capacity
- The maximum pressure the ground can safely carry before it fails — the number a foundation is sized against.
- CBR — California Bearing Ratio
- A strength index for road subgrades and pavements, guiding how thick a road layer must be.
- Atterberg limits
- Simple tests that describe how a clay behaves with water — its liquid and plastic limits — key to predicting swelling and settlement.
- Piezometer
- An instrument installed in the ground to monitor groundwater level and pore-water pressure over time.
- Hydrogeology & aquifer
- The study of groundwater; an aquifer is a water-bearing layer of soil or rock that can supply wells.
- Lugeon test
- A water-pressure test in rock that measures how permeable (leaky) the rock mass is — vital for dam foundations.
- Proctor / compaction
- A lab test that finds the moisture content at which a soil can be compacted to its greatest density.
- NDT — Non-Destructive Testing
- Inspecting concrete and structures for defects without cutting into them, using radar, ultrasound or impact-echo.
- EIA — Environmental Impact Assessment
- A structured study of a project's effects on the environment and communities, required before major works.
- RAMS
- Risk Assessment and Method Statement — the site-specific safety document that governs how a task is done.
- Ground model
- The combined interpretation of all data into a single, reliable picture of the subsurface for designers to use.